Posts tagged: technology
Last week, Ian Mclean launched an exciting new media project called The Free Open Society. In the spirit of Wikipedia, Anonymous, Occupy Wall Street, and many other collective intelligences that have successfully galvanized myriad individual actors, The Free Open Society (FOS) is aiming to, in its own words:
bring together a collective of new media journalists to curate, edit, and disseminate a concentration of news from disparate movements, paradigms, and projects related to social progress towards the Singularity, post-scarcity economy, and transhuman society as well as threats or challenges to that progress.
The project is currently seeking contributors to write and share various kinds of information, and I’d encourage you to join up if you’re interested.
I’m intrigued because Ian has a keen eye and is now focusing its lens on the often overlooked power of inter-community spaces. In the Preamble to the Free Open Society Manifesto, Ian wrote:
I envision people from the Singularity Movement educating their peers on the Zeitgeist Movement and the Zeitgeist Movement educating their peers on Anonymous and Occupy.
And so on.
This, I think, is the crucible of revolution.
At the level of individuals, many of these communities don’t know about or know little about the others. I’d like to equip the individuals with an education kit to allow people from different countries, different states, cities, ideologies, methodologies, and paradigms to educate one another on the system of activists, hacktivists, researchers, engineers, and artists currently at work trying to make a better tomorrow for everyone.
We need not only local action but global action if we are to achieve the kinds and quantities of change we need. Coordination between local groups, certainly, but also coordination between global groups and local groups. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches as each provides a kind of strength the other lacks.
In this declaration of intent, Ian is highlighting the need for us not to come together as a single community—a structure so many demagogues have abused in the past—but rather for us to come together as a community of communities. In some places, the FOS Manifesto echoes those such as Eric Hughes’s A Cypherpunk’s Manifesto, the Wayseer Manifesto, the Organization for a Free Society’s Manifesto, and more. In others, the FOS Manifesto is very particular about its intent to be a formal, inter-group alliance and to act specifically in support of other groups. In short, in Ian’s words:
Each movement holds a piece of the puzzle, and when every movement is brought together to contribute their piece, we can see the whole for what it is.
Or, in my own words, written earlier:
Divide and conquer is every oppression’s primary stratagem. Unity with diversity ought therefore be the root principle guiding every social justice movement. […]
I have learned of the diversity of intimacy from the asexuality movement, of the value of transforming the structure of relationships from the polyamory movement, of myriad physical beauties from the body-positivity movement. In Buddhism, the archetype of invincible equanimity is Guanyin, a compassionate deity whose thousand hands hold one instrument of liberation each. My pains are not an expression of self-pitying grievance. They are expressions of the struggle to fulfill an obligation to give to others the one instrument of liberation only I can forge, so that we all may use it. Each of Guanyin’s one thousand instruments of liberation has the power to heal one of the thousand cuts to sexual freedom.
Every one of you has such an instrument[…].
I plan on contributing to the FOS project where I can because it articulates the same sentiment I’ve been pouring my energy into pursuing. I’m proud to be an earlier contributor. A presentation on the intersection of technology, polyamory, and social justice activism I created for last year’s annual Public Anthropology Conference was added to the FOS project’s Tumblr archive. And I’m also pleased to see Ian and the other contributors taking my Creative Commons license seriously; as I say on my main website’s Advocacy blurb, “These [works] are free content for a free culture. Downloading and redistributing them, along with their source materials, is encouraged.”
You are not stealing from me when you quote, link to, or copy-and-paste my words into your own work, or contributing it to the works of others, such as the Free Open Society project. In fact, please, do so!
I want a new American Dream. I don’t know exactly what it is, but I think that we could build it, if we try together, because we live in an amazing moment in history.
As I bet any sexually vocal person will tell you, the Internet has fundamentally transformed our ability to communicate with one another. For example, before the Internet, if you were a gay teenager in bum-fuck nowhere, you were the only gay person in the world. Now, though, after the Internet, if you’re a gay teenager in bum-fuck nowhere, you’re one of millions of gay teenagers communicating online.
This is big. This is not merely the evolution of telecommunication technologies. This is a revolution.
The Internet is such a big deal that it’s actually a revolution of all kinds—media, governance, technology itself. But it’s also a second sexual revolution, and this one—our generation’s sexual revolution—traces its roots through the first. This is where just a bit of history comes in handily.
On May 9th, 1960, the first oral contraceptive was made available to the general public; “the Pill” sparked the sexual revolution of the 1960s and ’70s. Like all revolutions, no one could predict the outcome at the outset. It sparked chaos; the sexual revolution precipitated the “sex wars” in the 1980s.
Also in the 1960s—in 1962 to be exact—Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, affectionately known as “Lick,” (not kidding) first proposed a global network of computers. The project was initially adopted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an R&D branch of the US military.
As the slogan “Make Love, Not War” spread through public consciousness in the “free love” movement of the 60s, the Internet was being recognized as a tool of generic utility and in 1969 was launched as ARPANet. “Make love, not war” is, at least poetically, a physical parallel of Internet technology.
A specification for the ubiquitous File Transfer Protocol (FTP) was published in 1973—the same year as the Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion in America. In 1986, as the sex wars raged, the National Science Foundation funded NSFNet as a cross country 56 Kbps Internet backbone for expressly non-commercial, essentially academic purposes. The protocol for the World Wide Web, called the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, and, of course, eventually became the most widely used protocol on the public Internet.
In the same way as Gutenberg’s printing press was recognized as a revolution, bringing with it 150 years of chaos, so too is the Internet. Before the printing press, countries were kingdoms. The invention of the printing press around the year 1440 essentially signalled the start of the end of a feudal Western social order, culminating in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which brought forth a new system of political order to Europe and, with it, the modern concept of nation states. What might replace today’s countries in 150, or even just 50 years from now?
These histories highlight the intersections of and tensions between technology, culture, and policy. Moreover, hegemonic preconceptions are especially insidious when they make their way into technology. The same-sex marriage debate illustrates this when, for instance, clerks in many jurisdictions maintaining matrimony databases try to record a new marriage and the computer systems they use ask them “Which one’s the wife?” This unintentional antipathy to the diversity of human identities and relationships, which is literally encoded into society’s infrastructure, is perhaps the greatest silent threat to our species’ survival.
Schemes for a marriage database completely free of gender and sexuality assumptions do exist. Sam Hughes’s example permits any human to marry any other human any number of times and have any number of partners simultaneously. Now, if you tried to use a schema like his, you’d actually be forced to write tons of application layer logic to enforce the legal restrictions that are placed on marriage today; our technology already offers us capabilities that are beyond our society’s understanding of the social constructs and contracts many people have and are using right now.
The Dalai Lama once said, “Love and compassion are necessities, not luxuries. Without them, humanity cannot survive.” But today, as environmentalist and author Paul Hawken observed, “goods seem to have become more important, and are treated better, than people.” Faced with the existential threat of this mounting tension, our species will be forced to shoulder the challenge that political advisor Jeremy Rifkin imagines we can accomplish: “extend our empathy to the entire human race as an extended family, and to our fellow creatures as part of our evolutionary family, and to the biosphere as our common community,” or perish.
Thus, the urgent question is: how do we do that? As it happens, today’s polyamory movement is uniquely situated at an ideological and technological intersection illuminating a possible answer. Polyamory’s key tenet—that a relationship involving more than two individuals is a good and valuable thing—is so powerful because it is so simple. To understand why, we can look to the Internet.
In his seminal work, New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World, technology theorist Kevin Kelley wrote, “In the network economy, the more plentiful things become, the more valuable they become.” From a polyamorous perspective, one could say, “Love is not a scarce commodity,” or, even more generally, “the more, the merrier.”
As I see it, a poly activists’ core goal can be succinctly described as achieving equality in relationship choice. That is, polyamorous people recognize that the structure of a compulsorily monogamous relationship, in which one individual is connected to only one other individual, is limiting. Instead, we argue, many people may find more value by changing the structure such that one individual can be connected to more than one other individual.
This has some remarkable parallels to the way telecommunication technologies (like the Internet) work. In essence, polyamory does for relationships what digital telecommunication technologies have done for ideas. Here’s how veteran web designer John Waters explained it:
In the industrial economy, scarcity established value. Natural resources such as oil, gold, and diamonds were scarce and therefore considered valuable. […] Paul Romer and other theorists introduced the “New Growth Theory”. In this model, the principle of scarcity is turned upside down.
The new theory essentially divides the world into two productive inputs: “things” and “ideas”. Only one person at a time can use things such as a hammer, a telephone, a lawnmower, or a car. On the other hand, ideas can be used by many people simultaneously, i.e., recipes, blueprints, formulas, methodologies, and software. They can be used to rearrange things. They can be copied, shared, and connected, thereby leading to more ideas. “Economic growth,” Romer says, “arises from the discovery of new recipes and the transformation of things from low to high value configurations.”
Such “transformation of things from low to high value configurations” is what the polyamory movement does with regard to relationships. The most obvious limitation with the often-monogamous notion of “true love” is that it creates a scarcity model, and free distribution is anathema to maintaining scarcity. Polyamorous people understand that “free love” is not just a hippie slogan, it is a way to create real-world emotional value.
It is now our words, in the form of programming languages, that are driving the evolution of technology. The corpus of this technological literature changes our physical reality, offering us everything from hormone therapies to space shuttles to online social networks.
Meanwhile, those same social networks offer fertile soil where non-mainstream perspectives—and new languages—can take root. As Wired columnist Regina Lynn wrote, “Beyond the obvious benefits of online community, the language’s Internet-speed evolution continues to give polyamory a boost. When poly or poly-curious people stumble across the polyamorous lexicon, the discovery can help validate their worldview.”
The introduction of new language—both terms and techniques for communication itself—is a profound change. In the words of asexuality activist David Jay, “By finding new ways to talk about relationships we can greatly increase our options for forming them.” In addition to the value offered by transforming the topology of relationships, there is value in having a diversity of relationship types; even healthy monogamous people have strong friendship, co-worker, familial, and other kinds of social networks that look similar to polyamorous people’s more intimate networks.
In the early 19th century, American railways were a transportation infrastructure for commerce—a network of matter-moving devices. In the early 1990’s, the World Wide Web emerged as a general purpose infrastructure for communications—a network of idea-moving devices. Today, polyamorous and non-monogamous culture is a peer-to-peer infrastructure for the transmission of information about human relationships—a literal social network of compassion-moving devices.
This marriage of polyamorous culture with the Internet thereby accelerates the distribution of the Dalai Lama’s prophylactic prescription for humanity. Or, in other words, the success or failure of that quintessential American Dream, your “pursuit of happiness” is, at least in part, intertwined with others’ similar pursuits. As Harvard professor Nicholas Christakis observed:
“If I were always violent towards you or gave you misinformation, or made you sad, or infected you with deadly germs, you would cut the ties to me, and the network would disintegrate. So the spread of good and valuable things is required to sustain and nourish social networks. Similarly, social networks are required for the spread of good and valuable things, like love and kindness and happiness and altruism and ideas. I think, in fact, that if we realized how valuable social networks are, we’d spend a lot more time nourishing them and sustaining them, because I think social networks are fundamentally related to goodness. And what I think the world needs now is more connections.”
In the latter 20th Century, the American Dream grew up in a house with a white picket fenced porch, had a college education, and got a steady job. But today, the American Dream has increasingly been seen as a platitude veiling corporate greed. Founding director of Xavier University’s Center for the Study of the American Dream, Michael Ford, sums up the situation like this:
[T]o an astonishing degree [Americans] have lost confidence in the institutions traditionally seen as Dream guardians. […] Americans feel they are on their own but they haven’t lost the Dream. They have confidence in themselves, their families and their personal networks.
So perhaps adopting the polyamorous tenet, that goodness is inherent in social connectedness, is therefore not merely a social ideal, but also a blueprint for a 21st Century version of a re-imagined, re-invigorated American Dream.
(via maybemaimed.com)
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I’m struggling to write an article to continue my contributions to SsexBbox, but I wanted to share this excerpt I feel good about:
This freedom to “connect” with whomever we choose—to exchange ideas with others regardless of geographic constraint—undeniably enriched our intellectual experiences. Is it so hard to imagine the same phenomenon will hold true when we exchange bodily fluids or emotional adventures?
Hopefully, I’ll actually get this piece written. For now, these couple of sentences (along with this tweet) can be a little teaser.
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As I have learned from geeks, structures of communication are not inevitable, given, or neutral; for any public to become a sovereign entity in contemporary technical societies, it must be recursive.
Although the social imaginary of a recursive public might sound suspiciously vicious and irrelevantly technical to some, it has, in fact, forked into other realms and other matters of concern. In the last six years alone, especially in the wake of the explosion of free and open-source software, recursive publics have found new constituencies—musicians, scientists, educators, filmmakers, collectors, activists, and architects. All of these groups have adopted not just the rhetoric of openness but also a particular attitude toward the conditions of possibility of openness—and the modes of manipulating them technically and legally—on and off the Internet.
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Back in 2009, when I lived in Sydney, Australia, I gave a 5 minute talk called “Gender and Technology: How technology influences sexuality and vice versa” at IgniteSydney. Though it’s now a bit dated, it’s still foundational stuff that I get asked to elaborate on time and again. The video above is a recording of my giving the presentation again at Noisebridge’s 5 Minutes of Fame, while the text below are my presentation notes, which are close to but not quite a transcript of the video.
I’d like to start a conversation with you about two of my favorite things: sex and technology. More specifically, I want to talk about how the technology we build influences people’s sexuality, and how our sexuality returns the favor, influencing the technology we build. As it happens, it turns out the two are linked in ways you may not have realized before.
Some obvious examples of this are in the assumptions inherent in user interface options for selecting sex or gender for your profile on a site like Facebook (what some call “Sex 1.0”) versus the options on a site like FetLife (“Sex 2.0”). Before we get too far into that, however, it’s worth asking, “Why is thinking about gender options for social networking profiles relevant today?”
It’s important because, for the first time in human history, people are able to explore and experiment with sociosexual interactions in a physically zero-risk environment, free of assumptions we’d otherwise be unable to avoid in the physical world. Moreover, technologists have the power to create new ideals of normalcy and change the way people think about their identities, their relationships, and their lives. Perhaps the most obvious example of this phenomenon in action is how youth culture embraced what the corporate establishment calls “piracy”, but that we now call “sharing” (or “remixing”). If an app, like a peer-to-peer file sharing client, is “good,” it becomes part of the way people live.
Now, there’s lots going on with gender and technology today, with sites coming up everywhere!
BeyondMasculinity.com is an online publication featuring essays on gender and politics. BedPosted.com is a web app that lets people keep meticulous, shareable records about their sexual encounters. Genderfork.com is a collaborative blog exploring gender variance through photography. Safe2Pee.org allows people to locate safe bathrooms within their communities, because gender variant people often face harassment when all they want is to go pee. And it’s not just technology, but culture too: BarCamp has inspired QueerCamp and other unconferences like KinkForAll.org.
To give you an idea of how diverse people are, the Yay! Genderform web site catalogues exactly 925 options of sexual and gender identities. Each option can be combined with any other option—its interface uses checkboxes instead of a drop-down menu to let you self-identify your gender. This yields a total of 2.8363×10278 or 283 unnovemgintillion possible combinations, more than the number of elementary particles in the universe. If each option were a computer bit, it would take 116 bytes to encode a single person’s gender choices. In contrast, ISO 5218, the current IT standard of “Codes for the representation of human sexes” (there is no published standard for gender) defines 4 mutually exclusive options. While records using this standard can be encoded in only 2 bits and thus may seem more “efficient” to the short-sighted technologist, the incredible scale of the problems it causes is beyond measure.
Thing is, those 923 other options aren’t new. They’ve existed forever, but it’s because of the communication possible on the Internet that our society finally has the means to explore them. Telecommunication begets cyberspace communities, and this democratizing influence forces us to rethink a few things.
This explosion of gender expression may feel confronting, or surprising, yet we’ve seen that from the very first BBS’s to email and beyond, telecommunications technologies—social networks of all stripes—give people the ability to create personas, fictional or otherwise, of who and what they want to be or attract. People are simply being the people they are, speaking freer thanks to the cyber-anonymity they (think they) have, because they can’t be any other way.
So now I hope you can see how crazy it feels to some of us when we’re confronted with web forms, like OkCupid’s, which provide only two (mutually exclusive) options: male or female. Providing such options in a “gender” drop-down menu or radio buttons implies that people who don’t fit in the boxes you specify are not important and therefore not welcome.
Truly understanding all this requires that you dissect many assumptions.
In point of fact, gender is not the same as sex and the words we use to communicate are the tools with which we teach each other—and our software—about ourselves, who we are, who we like, and why. For better or worse, all this gender stuff actually influences technology. Sam Hughes writes about examples of marriage database schemata that seemed logical to the people who designed them, but are also strikingly sexist. They often create two tables, one for “males” and one for “females,” and then associate the two by referencing a “female” record that “belongs to” a male. But, at least in today’s world, a “female” doesn’t actually “belong to” a “male,” right?
Designing sexist systems might sound brain-dead and stupid, but it’s actually how people think of gender issues today in their mind. They quite literally don’t see different humans as being equal: When two men marry, they need to figure out which “is the wife” and so they literally imbue the code they write, and the technology they build, with rigidly gendered, technically inaccurate world views.
In contrast to these systems, Sam’s schema for a marriage database is completely free of gender and sexuality assumptions. Interestingly, extricating gender assumptions from the schema also permits, technologically speaking, any human to marry any other human, any number of times, and have any number of partners simultaneously. Socially speaking, it permits polyamorous relationships. Technologically speaking, such a matrimonial database is structurally identical to a modern social network. As a result, his gender-agnostic schema is far more technologically robust than a rigidly gendered one. Sadly, if you tried to use a database schema like Sam’s, you’d actually be forced to write tons of application-layer logic to enforce the legal restrictions placed on marriage in most jurisdictions today.
Gender binaries are limiting EVERYONE, not just genderqueer people. People who do marketing, social media, user experience design, customer service, etc., are all straight-jacketed by assumptions about gender. Among other things, these assumptions can severely impact their financial bottom line. Thankfully, people in all these fields and more are beginning to realize that our behavior doesn’t extend solely from our anatomy, and they’re acknowledging the presence of feminine men, masculine women, and the astounding diversity between the binary extremes of “man” and “woman.”
So what can you, as a technologist, do to “do things right?” Well, simply ask yourself some basic questions: What information am I really asking users for? Does the interface with which I’m asking for that information allow for an honest answer? And why am I even asking for this information in the first place? These are questions experienced developers should be asking anyway—the rules of good design are not different for gender variant people.
For instance, do you really care if a given customer has a penis if you’re just trying to figure out how to address them when your customer service representative answers the phone? Does a Wi-Fi hotspot really have to ask for its users sex before it’ll function? If your application doesn’t need sexuality information, don’t ask for it.
Ultimately, it’s up to us to build a world where we can either limit or accept the possibilities of the people we interact with. So I urge you to remember the robustness principle, and follow Postel’s Law: “be liberal in what you accept.” Put another way: DON’T LIMIT, because, as Eddie Izzard has said, “there’s gonna be a lot more guys with makeup during this millennium!”
Not only are arbitrary limitations a bad user experience, you’ll find enforcing them is often technically unsound, too.
I’ve done a lot more thinking about sexuality and technology since then. Among my more well-received pieces are my “anti-censorship best practices for sex-positive publishers,” which looks at similar material from a drastically different perspective. Please share and enjoy. :)
See also a 1 hour seminar I lead at Sex 2.0 later in 2009: Gender & Technology.
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Ultimately, information will be everything.
In the future, everything will become intelligent. Nanobots will infuse all the matter around us with information. Rocks, trees, everything will become these intelligent computers.
So at that point, we can expand out into the rest of the universe. We will be sending, basically, nanotechnology infused with artificial intelligence, swarms of those will go out into the universe, and basically find other matter and energy that we can then harness to expand the overall intelligence of our human-machine civilization.
The universe will wake up—it will become intelligent. And that will multiply our intelligence trillions upon trillions fold. Y’know, we can’t really fully contemplate it. That’s really the main reason this is called the singularity. But regardless of what you call it, it will be the universe waking up.
So, does God exist? Well, I would say, ‘Not yet.’
This blog is my job. If it moves you, please help me keep doing this Work by sharing some of your food, shelter, or money. Thank you!
This blog is my job. If it moves you, please help me keep doing this Work by sharing some of your food, shelter, or money. Thank you!
This blog is my job. If it moves you, please help me keep doing this Work by sharing some of your food, shelter, or money. Thank you!